Heart Murmurs: Classification, Causes, and Clinical Approach
A heart murmur is an abnormal sound heard during the cardiac cycle due to turbulent blood flow. It…
Hypertension: Diagnosis and Management Protocol
1. Introduction Hypertension (HTN) is a chronic elevation of blood pressure (BP) and a leading risk factor for…
Stroke: Types, Areas of Infarction, and Clinical Presentations
1. Introduction to Stroke A stroke is an acute neurological deficit caused by disruption of blood flow to…
Cranial Nerves and Common Lesions: Anatomy & Clinical Correlations
The cranial nerves (CN) are 12 pairs of nerves emerging from the brainstem, responsible for sensory, motor, and…
Hernia Anatomy: Types, Clinical Features, and Management
A hernia is the abnormal protrusion of an organ or tissue through a defect in the surrounding structures…
Hepatobiliary System: Anatomy, Functions, and Clinical Relevance
The hepatobiliary system plays a critical role in metabolism, detoxification, digestion, and waste elimination. It includes the liver,…
Brachial Plexus: Anatomy, Clinical Correlations, and Injury Management
The brachial plexus is a vital nerve network supplying the upper limb, frequently encountered in clinical practice due…
Pulmonary Embolism (PE), Venous Thromboembolism (VTE), and Fat Embolism (FE): Differences, Diagnosis, and Clinical Features
Pulmonary embolism (PE), venous thromboembolism (VTE), and fat embolism (FE) are all types of embolic disorders that involve…
Inhalation Injury: Diagnosis and Management
Inhalation injury occurs due to the inhalation of smoke, toxic gases, or superheated air, leading to airway inflammation,…
Opioid Toxicity: Diagnosis and Management
Opioid Toxicity: Diagnosis and Management Introduction Opioid toxicity is a life-threatening condition resulting from excessive opioid exposure, leading…
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Diagnosis and Management
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels…
Flail Chest: Diagnosis and Management
Flail chest is a life-threatening thoracic injury that occurs when a segment of the rib cage becomes detached…