Arrhythmias are abnormal heart rhythms caused by disturbances in impulse formation or conduction. Management includes antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs), electrical interventions…
Atrioventricular (AV) block is an abnormal delay or interruption in the conduction of electrical impulses from the atria to the…
Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is a genetic disorder characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and dynamic outflow tract obstruction. It…
Acute pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium, the fibrous sac surrounding the heart. It presents with chest pain, pericardial…
A heart murmur is an abnormal sound heard during the cardiac cycle due to turbulent blood flow. It may be…
1. Introduction Hypertension (HTN) is a chronic elevation of blood pressure (BP) and a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease…
1. Introduction to Stroke A stroke is an acute neurological deficit caused by disruption of blood flow to the brain,…
The cranial nerves (CN) are 12 pairs of nerves emerging from the brainstem, responsible for sensory, motor, and autonomic functions.…
A hernia is the abnormal protrusion of an organ or tissue through a defect in the surrounding structures that usually…
The hepatobiliary system plays a critical role in metabolism, detoxification, digestion, and waste elimination. It includes the liver, gallbladder, and…
The brachial plexus is a vital nerve network supplying the upper limb, frequently encountered in clinical practice due to its…
Pulmonary embolism (PE), venous thromboembolism (VTE), and fat embolism (FE) are all types of embolic disorders that involve obstruction of…